【English】Grammar

语法

• at / in / on 用法

1. at + time / night / noon
   e.g.
   at 8 p.m.
   at night
   at noon
2. in + year / seasons / month
   e.g.
   in 2018
   in Spring
   in March
3. on + day/date
   e.g.
   on Saturday
   on March 11th

• 句子读音

1. 一般疑问句升调。
   e.g.
   Is there a swimming pool in the hotel?
2. 特殊疑问句先升调再降调。
   e.g.
   What time can i check out?

• 否定转移
  如果主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect, guess, fancy, feel, imagine等表示“观点、信念、推测”等心理活动的动词时，否定谓语从句的not往往转移到主句，成为“形式否定主句，意义否定从句”，这种语法现象就叫做否定转移，而且这些主句的主语得是第一人称I/We。
  e.g.
  I don't think she is lazy.

注意：
I am afraid这个句型就不适用于此
e.g.
I am afraid that it is going to rain.
I am afraid that he will not come.

• rest用法
  Sometimes we don't say have a rest, we just say rest , go rest or take a rest.
  Have a rest is Chinese English , we don't want to say just like this.
• Order politely

1. Could I have...please?
   e.g.
   Could I have the soup to start, please?
2. Would you please bring me...?
   e.g.
   Would you bring me a couple of slices of bread?
3. May I have...please?
   e.g.
   May I have the soup as well, please?
4. I'd like a...
   e.g.
   I'd like a cup of coffee.
5. We'll have...
   e.g.
   We'll have two glasses of water.

• Marriage
  If you don’t know if someone is married, it is not usually polite to ask them questions like, “Are you married?”, “Are you dating anyone right now?”, or, “Do you want to get married?”.
• the differences among the three words: special, specialty and speciality.

1. special is adjective, specialty and speciality are all noun.
2. when we order some food in a restaurant, we usually don't use speciality.
3. pay attention to the sentences below:
   What specialties/attractions does your hometown have? 你的家乡有哪些特色吗？
   What are your specialties? 你们的特色推荐是什么？
   What is on special today? 今天有什么特色吗？
   What specials do you have ? 你们有什么特色菜？
   What are your specials this evening? 今天晚上你们有什么特色菜吗？

• Using the word sun to describe someone's skin color.

1. too much sun: this means that you have already stayed under the sun for a long time so your skin turned to brown.
   e.g.
   you get too much sun.
2. not enough sun: this means that you don't like to stay outside, so your skin color is white.
   e.g.
   he doesn't have enough sun. I don't like his skin colour.

• 礼貌用词

1. 使用Could比Can更礼貌。
2. 使用I'd like比I want 更礼貌。
3. 使用May i have your passport? 比give me your passport更礼貌。

• Auxiliary verbs
  There are three auxiliary verbs in English: be, do and have. Auxiliary verbs come before main verbs.

1. Auxiliary be
   Auxiliary be is used to indicate the continuous and the passive voice: I am waiting for Sally to come home. (continuous：进行时) Her car was stolen from outside her house. (passive：被动语态)
2. Auxiliary do
   Auxiliary do is used in interrogative, negative and emphatic structures: Does she live locally? (interrogative：疑问句) They didn’t know which house it was. (negative：否定语态) I do like your new laptop! (emphatic, with spoken stress on do：强调)
3. Auxiliary have
   Auxiliary have is used to indicate the perfect: I have lost my memory stick. Have you seen it anywhere? (present perfect：现在完成时) She had seen my car outside the shop. (past perfect：过去完成时)

• I did the laundry this week.
  we use simple past tense instead of simple future tense.
  用一般过去时，这周做过的困难的事;用一般将来时就是变成你这周将要做的困难的事。
• Quantifiers for countable and uncountable nouns

1. countable
   e.g.
   a/an many/fewer a few/several
2. uncountable
   e.g.
   a little much less
3. both
   e.g.
   more some a lot of

• two sentence structures used to compare two things

1. Subject 1 + verb + as + adjective + as + subject 2.
   e.g.
   Rome isn't as big as Shanghai
2. Subject 1 + verb + as + adjective/object + as + subject 2.
   e.g.
   Shanghai doesn't have much history as London.
   My mother doesn't play as many games as my father.
   You are not as much pretty as me. = You are not as pretty as me.

• Past continuous for event sequence
  When / While / As + subject + past continuous , subject + past simple.
  e.g.
  While I was reading , my husband walked in the door.
  The order of the actions can also be reversed , as in :
  e.g.
  My husband walked in the door while I was reading. I was reading , when my husband walked in the door.

强调句

基本句型：It is/was + 被强调部分（主语、宾语、宾语补足语或状语等）+ that/who（当强调主语只人）+ 句子的其余部分。

1. 一般来说，如果被强调部分是人时，用连词that或who；被强调的部分是宾语。指人时也可以用whom；被强调部分是物，只能用连词that。
   e.g.
   It is Mary who/whom he often helps.
   It was John and Mike who/that saw Mary in the street last night.
2. 识别强调句的方法：去掉It is … who/that之后，句子还是一个完整的句子。
   e.g.
   It is Mary who/whom he often helps. = He often helps Mary.
3. 强调句型总是要用来强调某个东西：
   e.g.
   It is Mary who/whom he often helps.(强调宾语)
   It was on Friday that we went shopping.(强调时间On Friday)
   It is at his home that we will have a party.(强调地点at his home)

注意：
It was from that part of the sea where I had been driven by the current in my boat. 这一句不是强调句，而是定语从句。

倒装句

1. 部分倒装
   （助动词、情态动词、be动词提前） 否定词位于句首时要进行部分倒装
   never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, no sooner, no longer等含有否定意义的副词谓语句首，其后部分要用部分倒装。
   e.g.
   He seldom goes out for dinner -- Seldom did he go out for dinner.
   I shall never forgive him. -- Never shall I forgive him.
   Little does he realize the importance of this event.

注意

1. not until这种句型，not until位于句首的时候，也要进行部分倒装。
   e.g
   She didn't forgive him until he brought a gift for her. = Not until he brought a gift for her did she forgive him.
2. 某些含有否定词的副词作用的介词短语位于句首的时候，也要进行部分倒装。
   e.g.
   On no accounts must this switch be touched. 任何情况下，不得触碰这个开关。
   但是，in no time (立即、马上)没有这个用法。
   e.g.
   In no time she worked out that problem. 她一下就解决了那个问题。
3. Only+状语位于句首也要部分倒装
   e.g. Only in this way can we make our world a better one.
4. So +adj./adv.位于句首也要部分倒装
   e.g.
   So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home.

2. 完全倒装（谓语在前，主语在后）

• 表地点的副词位于句首，句子要进行完全倒装。
  e.g.
  Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。
  Here comes the bus. 车来了。
  主语是人称代词的话，就不用倒装。
  e.g.
  Away he went.
• 状语或表语谓语句首时的倒装
  为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，有时可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装。
  e.g.
  Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。
• 完全倒装的句型有时候是看心情，如果你把地点提前了，想要强调的话，就会进行倒装。

时态